TALLAHASSEE, Fla. - Jeb Bush ended Florida's affirmative action programs in 1999 with a flourish, issuing an executive order that he said would "transcend the tired debate" about racial preferences.

Some lawmakers grumbled about the first-year governor making such a move without consulting them, and two black legislators staged a 25-hour sit-in at his office to protest. Bush refused to budge.

"We're doing the people's work and I'm not going to let anybody, for any reason, stop us from doing that," he said.

Lawmakers would have to get used to it.

Bush was an aggressive chief executive throughout his tenure as Florida governor, pushing the limits of executive authority, bristling at legislative oversight and willing to work around the courts.

"He doesn't shy away from the fact that he had a big agenda, and if there was a way to move it along quicker, he would find it," said Cory Tilley, a Republican consultant who served as Bush's deputy chief of staff during his first term.

But as Bush draws closer to launching his campaign for president in 2016, he's aggressively criticizing President Barack Obama's own use of executive power, accusing him of "trampling on the Constitution."

"I think the next president is likely to undo much of the executive orders, particularly the ones where there was no constitutional authority to do these executive orders," Bush said last week in Myrtle Beach, S.C.

Until Bush's election in 1998, the governor's office in Florida had little relative power. But that same year, voters shrank the size of the state's independently elected cabinet and gave the governor control over education and elections. Bush embraced the changes and, with the backing of a GOP-controlled Legislature, asserted himself in ways Tallahassee had not seen before.

Earning the nickname "Veto Corleone," a pun on the main character in "The Godfather," he cut a record number of legislators' local projects from the state budget and demanded lawmakers clear special spending with him in advance.

Before the end of a blistering first year in which he won legislation to overhaul education, limit lawsuits and cut $1 billion in taxes, Bush signed his executive order on affirmative action. A Tampa Tribune cartoon depicted him as the Tasmanian Devil zigzagging through traffic.

Kristy Campbell, Bush's spokeswoman, says Bush "worked to make government more accountable to Floridians, and Floridians responded favorably to his approach."

The Legislature successfully sued Bush for interpreting his veto power too broadly, but it ultimately gave Bush most of what he wanted.

"We were drinking out of a fire hose and we thought he had a lot of good common sense, a lot of great ideas," said John Thrasher, the former Florida House speaker. "When you have great ideas and you work closely with somebody, it's easy to give them a little extra authority."