Glaciers are melting as a result of climate change, that most can agree on. However, how fast they melt remains to be seen and will likely be impacted by how society reacts to climate change.

Erich Peitzsch, a physical scientist from the U.S. Geological Survey, says what’s driving the retreat of glaciers is an increase in temperature. He points to changes globally, but also locally, for having impacts.

“Northwest Montana is seeing a 1.8 times greater temperature rise than global temperatures are increasing,” he said. “Upper elevations are warming faster than lower elevations.”

Peitzsch joined Jim Elser, Director of the Flathead Lake Biological Station, in opening the inaugural Montana Lakes Conference Wednesday night with a community talk on fading glaciers and the resulting impacts.

Elser scrolled through photos of glaciers in Glacier National Park comparing images taken decades apart that show how glaciers have shrunk over time. One photo of Grinell Glacier in Glacier Park taken in the 1920s shows a large boulder in the center of the photo surrounded by ice, while a photo taken in the same spot at the glacier in 2017 shows a lake of green water around that same boulder.

“In the Flathead, our waters start in ice and snow,” Elser said. “What’s happening with glaciers impacts what happens at the top of the watershed.”

Elser said the sooner the world can get to a place of zero carbon dioxide emissions the better to curb the impacts of climate change, including the loss of glaciers in the coming decades, and a list of environmental and economic issues that could come as a result.

“It’s not too late to avoid the worst outcomes,” he said. “The longer we wait the more difficult and costly it will be.”

In 2017 the USGS released a study that showed that the average area reduction for the 37 named glaciers in the Park was 39 percent.

Peitzsch said that the volume of ice lost to melting has exceeded the replenishment that comes through snowfall. Glaciers are “sensitive indicators of climate,” he notes, but scientists are still trying to find out more.

Peitzsch said what he and his colleagues are discovering is that cirque glaciers, ones that occupy a bowl-shaped basin at the head of a mountain valley, are reacting differently to climate change.

“We’re finding that local processes have more impact as a glacier retreats,” he said.

To answer the question of how much of a driver is the climate on cirque glaciers they looked at the relationship between Sperry Glacier’s ice loss and changes in temperature and precipitation.

As a glacier recedes into the shelter of the mountains, more of it can become shaded, thus limiting the impacts of the sun, and avalanches can actually cause snow to be added to the glacier, he noted.

“Local processes are sustaining these glaciers longer than we thought,” he said. “Local processes still might allow these glaciers to cling to the landscape in their basins for a little longer.”

Peitzsch isn’t pronouncing the complete melting of all of the Park’s glaciers, but he does note that they are changing.

“Glaciers are going to be around for awhile,” he said. “They’re not going to look like they did in the 20th century and in the future they won’t look like they do today, but they will be around.”

Petizsch said that while these local processes play a bigger role to glaciers than previously thought, it doesn’t mean that climate is not a driver of their recession.

Elser hikes into the high country of Glacier Park to study the lakes and streams that result when a glacier retreats.

“When glacier’s retreat that modifies the landscape,” Elser said.

While he says it’s exciting from a scientific perspective to test what are essentially new water bodies, the changes that result from the melting glaciers and loss of snow, along with climate change, can have impacts ecologically and economically.

The loss of habitat through the melting glaciers and increased stream temperature, he notes, have an impact on the aquatic insect the western glacier stonefly and native cold water fish.

The loss of culture that comes from the loss of winter recreations in the mountains. And the economic loss that comes as a result of decreased summer and winter recreation opportunities as a result of climate change are also present, he notes.